Research Compounds & Bioactive Molecules

Pnc‑27 : HDM‑2 Binding Peptide, Cancer Cell Selectivity, and Membrane Disruption Mechanisms

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Abstract & Overview Pnc‑27 is a synthetic peptide derived from the HDM‑2 binding domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. It has been developed as a research model for studying…

Vilon : Universal Bioregulator Peptide, Cell Cycle Normalization, and Epigenetic Control of Tissue Homeostasis

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Abstract & Overview Vilon is a short, synthetic bioregulatory peptide classified within the cytomedin family and recognized for its broad, non–tissue-restricted regulatory activity. Unlike organ-specific bioregulators that target individual tissues,…

3D molecular structure of PE-22-28, a VGF-derived neuropeptide analog studied in serotonergic and stress-response research

PE‑22‑28: Selective Neuropeptide Analog in Serotonergic and Stress‑Response Research

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PE‑22‑28 is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from the VGF (non‑acronymic) neuropeptide precursor, which is widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Ovagen: Ovarian Bioregulator Peptide, Reproductive Axis Modulation, and Cellular Differentiation Research

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Abstract & Overview Ovagen is a short bioregulatory peptide isolated and synthesized to mimic naturally occurring peptides derived from ovarian tissue. It functions as a regulatory sequence that supports the…

GHRP‑6 : Growth Hormone Secretagogue Mechanisms, Ghrelin Receptor Activation, and Cellular Metabolic Research

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Abstract & Overview GHRP‑6 (Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide‑6) is a synthetic hexapeptide and one of the earliest members of the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) class. It acts as a potent…

Cartalax : Cartilage-Specific Bioregulator Peptide, Chondrocyte Gene Regulation, and Connective Tissue Homeostasis

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Abstract & Overview Cartalax is a tissue-specific bioregulatory peptide classified within the cytomedin family and studied for its regulatory influence on cartilage tissue. Derived conceptually from cartilage-associated peptide fractions, Cartalax…

Orforglipron : Oral Small-Molecule GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and Incretin Pathway Modulation

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Abstract & Overview Orforglipron is a synthetic, non-peptide small molecule designed to activate the glucagon-like peptide‑1 (GLP‑1) receptor through oral administration. Unlike traditional incretin agonists derived from peptide backbones, Orforglipron…

FOXO4-DRI : Targeting Cellular Senescence Through p53–FOXO4 Disruption and Senolytic Research

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Abstract & Overview FOXO4-DRI is a rationally designed peptide-based research compound developed to investigate mechanisms of cellular senescence and selective elimination of senescent cells. It is engineered to disrupt the…

GHRP‑2 : Pituitary Axis Modulation, Ghrelin Receptor Activation, and Cellular Recovery Research

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Abstract & Overview GHRP‑2 (Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide‑2) is a synthetic hexapeptide classified within the family of growth hormone secretagogues (GHS). It is a potent agonist of the ghrelin receptor…

Ara‑290 : Erythropoietin‑Derived Peptide, Tissue Protection, and Neuropathic Repair Mechanisms

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Abstract & Overview Ara‑290 is a synthetic 11‑amino‑acid peptide derived from the tertiary structure of erythropoietin (EPO), specifically the region associated with tissue‑protective signaling rather than hematopoiesis. It functions as…

Adipotide (Prohibitin‑Targeting Peptide): Mitochondrial Apoptosis, Angiogenesis Inhibition, and Adipose Tissue Research

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Abstract & Overview Adipotide, also known as FTPP (Fat‑Targeted Proapoptotic Peptide), is a synthetic bifunctional peptide designed to selectively target the blood vessels that supply white adipose tissue. It operates…

ACE‑031 : Myostatin Inhibition, Muscle Hypertrophy, and Regenerative Research

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Abstract & Overview ACE‑031 is a recombinant fusion protein that functions as a soluble activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB) analog, designed to inhibit the biological activity of myostatin (GDF‑8) and…

B7‑33 : Relaxin Pathway Modulation and Fibrosis Regulation in Cellular Signaling Research

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Abstract & Overview B7‑33 is a single‑chain peptide analog derived from the B‑chain of human Relaxin‑2, designed to selectively activate the Relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1). It is being…

Azelaprag : Ghrelin Receptor (GHS‑R1a) Activation, Growth Hormone Secretagogue Signaling, and Energy Balance Research Pathways

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Abstract & Overview Azelaprag is a small‑molecule agonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS‑R1a), a G‑protein–coupled receptor primarily involved in the regulation of growth hormone (GH) secretion,…

Cagrilintide : Amylin Receptor Activation, Energy Homeostasis, and Appetite Regulation in Research Models

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Introduction Cagrilintide is a long‑acting amylin receptor agonist being studied for its effects on appetite regulation, energy balance, and metabolic homeostasis. It belongs to a class of compounds designed to…

CagriSema : Dual Amylin and GLP‑1 Receptor Research Synergy in Metabolic and Appetite Regulation Models

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Introduction CagriSema is a combination of two research compounds—Cagrilintide, an amylin receptor agonist, and Semaglutide, a GLP‑1 receptor agonist. It represents a new generation of dual‑pathway models designed to explore…

Selank : Tuftsin-Derived Heptapeptide and Neuromodulatory Research Pathways

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Introduction Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from the endogenous immunomodulatory peptide Tuftsin. Its sequence, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, was engineered for enhanced stability, resistance to enzymatic degradation, and improved neuromodulatory properties. Research…

SLU‑PP‑332 : Estrogen‑Related Receptor Activation, Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism, and Exercise‑Mimetic Research Pathways

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Introduction SLU‑PP‑332 is a synthetic small‑molecule agonist of estrogen‑related receptors (ERRs), primarily ERRα and ERRγ, developed as a research tool to study mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and exercise‑mimetic transcriptional programs. Unlike…

Tesofensine: Monoamine Reuptake Inhibition, Metabolic Energy Regulation, and Neuroendocrine Research Mechanisms

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Introduction Tesofensine is a synthetic tropane derivative originally investigated for neurodegenerative disorders and later studied for its impact on metabolic regulation, appetite control, and energy expenditure. It functions primarily as…

Mazdutide : Dual GLP‑1 and Glucagon Receptor Activation in Metabolic and Lipid Regulation Research

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Introduction Mazdutide is a synthetic dual agonist designed to target both the glucagon‑like peptide‑1 (GLP‑1) receptor and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). This dual‑receptor activation model is of increasing research interest…

AICAR : AMPK Activation, Cellular Energy Sensing, and Exercise‑Mimetic Signaling in Research Models

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Introduction 5‑Aminoimidazole‑4‑carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) is a cell‑permeable adenosine analog widely used in research to study cellular energy sensing and metabolic regulation. Once inside cells, AICAR is phosphorylated to ZMP, an…

Apelin : APJ Receptor Signaling, Cardiovascular Regulation, and Metabolic Research Pathways

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Introduction Apelin is an endogenous peptide ligand for the APJ receptor (APLNR), a G‑protein–coupled receptor widely expressed in cardiovascular, metabolic, and central nervous system tissues. Since its identification, apelin has…

Follistatin: Myostatin-Regulated Pathways and Advanced Muscle Research

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Introduction Follistatin is a multi-domain extracellular glycoprotein studied for its regulatory influence on TGF-β superfamily ligands—most notably myostatin (GDF-8) and activin A. These ligands shape muscle growth limitation, inflammation, and…

Cardiogen: Short Peptide Bioregulator for Cardiac and Myocardial Tissue Research

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Introduction Short peptide bioregulators—ultrashort amino acid motifs typically 2–4 residues long—are studied for their potential to influence transcriptional activity, chromatin structure, mitochondrial signaling, and overall cellular regulation within specific tissues.…

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide): Neuroimmune Signaling, Circadian Regulation, and Systemic Research Pathways

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Introduction Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28–amino acid neuropeptide widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, and immune tissues. Originally identified in the gastrointestinal tract, VIP is…

Oxytocin : Neuroendocrine Signaling, Social Cognition, and Systemic Regulatory Pathways in Research Models

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Introduction Oxytocin is a nonapeptide neurohormone synthesized primarily in the hypothalamus and released through the posterior pituitary. It functions as both a hormone and a neuromodulator, with research spanning social…

ProstaMax : Short Peptide Bioregulator for Prostate Tissue Regulatory Research

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Introduction Short peptide bioregulators—ultrashort amino acid sequences typically 2–4 residues long—are studied for their ability to influence transcriptional activity, chromatin structure, and intracellular signaling within specific tissues. ProstaMax is a…

NAD+ : Central Redox Cofactor, Cellular Energy Metabolism, and Regulatory Signaling in Research Models

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Introduction Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a ubiquitous redox cofactor essential for cellular energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and regulatory signaling. Beyond its classical role in oxidation–reduction reactions, NAD⁺ serves as…

Kisspeptin: Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis Control and Neuroendocrine Signaling in Research Models

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Introduction Kisspeptin refers to a family of neuropeptides encoded by the KISS1 gene that play a central role in regulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Discovered through cancer-metastasis research and later…

Humanin : Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Signaling, Cellular Stress Resistance, and Neuroprotective Research Pathways

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Introduction Humanin is a small mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the mitochondrial genome and translated in the cytoplasm. It was originally identified in studies of neuronal survival and has since…

Hexarelin: Growth Hormone Secretagogue Signaling, Receptor Dynamics, and Tissue-Level Research Pathways

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Introduction Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide belonging to the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) class. It is widely studied for its interaction with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS‑R1a) and its…

Glutathione: Cellular Redox Homeostasis, Antioxidant Defense, and Detoxification Pathways in Research Models

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Introduction Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine and is one of the most abundant intracellular antioxidants. It plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox…

AOD-9604

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Overview AOD‑9604 is a 16‑amino‑acid fragment derived from the C‑terminus of growth hormone (residues 177–191 with an added N‑terminal tyrosine). It was developed to study lipid‑metabolism pathways attributed to this…

Melanotan II

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Overview Melanotan II (MT‑II) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of α‑melanocyte‑stimulating hormone (α‑MSH). It activates melanocortin receptors, particularly MC1R on melanocytes, to increase eumelanin synthesis. Interest has centered on…

PT‑141 (Bremelanotide)

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Overview PT‑141 (bremelanotide) is a cyclic melanocortin receptor agonist derived from α‑MSH analog chemistry. It primarily targets MC4R (with some MC3R activity) within central neural circuits involved in sexual desire…

BPC-157

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Overview BPC‑157 (Body Protection Compound‑157) is a 15‑amino acid peptide fragment derived from a naturally occurring protein found in human gastric juice. It has been extensively studied in preclinical settings…

IGF-1 LR3

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Overview IGF‑1 LR3 (Insulin‑like Growth Factor 1 Long Arg3) is a synthetic analog of endogenous IGF‑1 with an extended half‑life due to modifications at the N‑terminus and a substitution of…

GLP-1 Pathway Peptides: Comparative Research on Semaglutide, Tirzepatide & Retatrutide

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GLP-1 Pathway Research: Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide vs Retatrutide Educational & Research Use Only — Not Medical Advice Interest in GLP-based peptide therapies has surged in both clinical and research communities.…

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment)

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Overview TB-500 is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid protein found in most tissues and cell types. This peptide fragment was developed to…

GHK-Cu — Research Article

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Independent research publication focused on peptide innovation, regenerative biology, and skin science. Overview GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-copper) is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide first identified in human plasma in the 1970s. It…

Tesamorelin Research Article

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Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH), designed to enhance stability and receptor affinity. It contains 44 amino acids and mimics the native GHRH sequence responsible…

Retatrutide — Triple Agonist Research Article

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Retatrutide is an investigational multi-receptor agonist peptide designed to target three key incretin and energy-regulating pathways simultaneously: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon receptors. By integrating agonism…

Dihexa — Neurotrophic Peptide Research Article (Educational • Research Use Only)

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Overview Dihexa (N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide) is a synthetic peptide derivative of Angiotensin IV, designed to study neurotrophic and cognitive-enhancing properties. Developed by researchers at Washington State University, Dihexa was engineered…

BAM15 — Mitochondrial Uncoupler Research Article (Educational • Research Use Only)

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Overview BAM15 (N5,N6-bis(2-fluorophenyl)[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,6-diamine) is a synthetic small molecule identified as a mitochondrial protonophore. Originally discovered through high-throughput screening for mitochondrial modulators, BAM15 functions as a selective mitochondrial uncoupler, separating electron…

Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1): Immune Resilience and the Science of Thymic Restoration

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The Forgotten Immune Regulator For decades, the thymus — the small gland behind the sternum — has been quietly training the immune system’s most specialized soldiers: T-cells. With age, chronic…

KPV: The Anti-Inflammatory Tripeptide and Cellular Repair Mechanism

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From Inflammation to Regeneration Inflammation is the body’s first response to damage or stress — an essential defense process that, when unresolved, becomes the foundation for chronic disease and tissue…

MOTS-c: The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide for Metabolic Regulation and Cellular Resilience

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A New Class of Bioactive Molecules Mitochondria are traditionally described as the “powerhouses” of the cell, responsible for ATP production and energy balance. In recent years, a new perspective has…

5-Amino-1MQ: NNMT Inhibition, NAD⁺ Regulation, and Metabolic Optimization

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A New Direction in Cellular Energy Control Cellular metabolism is shaped by a network of nutrient-sensing pathways that regulate energy production, fat storage, and mitochondrial efficiency. While much attention has…

SS-31 (Elamipretide): Mitochondrial Protection, Cardiolipin Stabilization, and Cellular Energy Restoration

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A New Frontier in Mitochondrial Medicine Mitochondria regulate cellular energy, stress responses, redox balance, and metabolic flexibility. As these systems decline with age or metabolic stress, mitochondrial dysfunction becomes a…

LL-37: The Antimicrobial Peptide and Innate Immunity Blueprint

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The Body’s Built-In Defense Signal Long before adaptive immunity learns to recognize specific pathogens, the body relies on a fast, powerful system known as innate immunity. At the center of…

Pancreagen: Short Peptide Bioregulator for Pancreatic Tissue Research

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Short peptide bioregulators—also known as cytomedins—are ultrashort amino acid sequences that influence gene expression, chromatin dynamics, and intracellular signaling in specific tissues. Pancragen is associated with pancreatic endocrine and exocrine…

Frag 176–191: Growth Hormone–Derived Fragment and Lipolytic Research Mechanisms

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Introduction Frag 176–191 is a synthetic peptide representing the C-terminal region of the human growth hormone (GH) molecule. It does not activate the GH receptor and does not stimulate IGF-1…

Bronchogen: Short Peptide Bioregulator for Bronchial and Pulmonary Tissue Research

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Introduction Short peptide bioregulators—also known as cytomedins—are ultrashort amino acid sequences studied for their role in regulating gene expression, cellular differentiation, chromatin structure, and intracellular signaling. Bronchogen is associated with…

Sermorelin: GHRH Fragment Research and Growth Hormone Pulsatility Models

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Introduction Sermorelin is a 29-amino-acid fragment of endogenous GHRH used in research to study growth hormone (GH) pulsatility, endocrine timing, and receptor-specific signaling. It preserves the natural binding region of…

IGF-1 Analogues: LR3 and DES Structural Variations and Receptor Binding in Research Models

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Introduction Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is a central mediator of growth hormone (GH) signaling involved in tissue growth, cellular repair, metabolic function, and proliferation. Two widely examined analogues—IGF-1 LR3 and…

CJC-1295 : GHRH Analog, DAC Conjugation, and Growth Hormone Pulsatility in Research

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Introduction Growth hormone (GH) release is governed by a tightly regulated endocrine axis involving GHRH, somatostatin, and feedback from GH and IGF-1. CJC‑1295 represents a family of GHRH analog constructs…

Epithalon (Epitalon): Telomere Biology, Cellular Senescence, and Circadian Regulation in Research Models

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Introduction Epithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence Ala–Glu–Asp–Gly, modeled after endogenous pineal peptides. Research explores its roles in telomere regulation, cellular senescence, circadian rhythm biology, mitochondrial signaling,…

NMN: NAD⁺ Precursor Biology, Cellular Metabolism, and Mitochondrial Research

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Introduction NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a central intermediate in the NAD⁺ salvage pathway and is widely studied for its role in cellular metabolism, mitochondrial redox cycles, genomic maintenance, and energy…

Semax : ACTH(4–10)-Derived Heptapeptide and Neurotrophic Research Pathways

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Introduction Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from the endogenous immunomodulatory peptide Tuftsin. Its sequence, Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, was engineered for enhanced stability, resistance to enzymatic degradation, and improved neuromodulatory properties. Research…